Transgressive Branch Timeline

The question is not the descent’s and not the Christian branch’s. It is what a limit is worth once it has been crossed, and what of the subject survives the crossing. Taboo and transgression require each other. Utility is the enemy. The sacred is the accursed share, not the moral good.

Transgressive Branch Timeline

Year	Event
1740	Sade born
1785	The 120 Days of Sodom written
1789–94	Revolution; Sade released, then imprisoned again
1795	Philosophy in the Bedroom
1797	Juliette
1801–14	Charenton; Sade dies 1814
1836	Sacher-Masoch born
1844	Nietzsche born
1870	Venus in Furs
1882–88	Nietzsche’s last books; collapse 1889
1895	Sacher-Masoch dies
1896	Artaud born
1897	Bataille born
1900	Nietzsche dies
1905	Klossowski born
1907	Blanchot born
1925	Deleuze born
1926	Foucault born
1928	Bataille, Story of the Eye
1938	Artaud, The Theatre and Its Double
1941	Blanchot, Thomas the Obscure
1943	Bataille, Inner Experience
1947	Klossowski, Sade My Neighbor; Artaud, To Have Done with the Judgment of God
1948	Artaud dies
1949	Bataille, The Accursed Share
1955	Blanchot, The Space of Literature
1957	Bataille, Erotism
1962	Bataille dies
1963	Foucault, “A Preface to Transgression”
1967	Deleuze, Coldness and Cruelty
1969	Klossowski, Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle; Blanchot, The Infinite Conversation
1976	Foucault, History of Sexuality I, the exit
1980	Blanchot, The Writing of the Disaster
1984	Foucault dies
1995	Deleuze dies
2001	Klossowski dies
2003	Blanchot dies

Spine of books: Sade, Philosophy in the Bedroom and Juliette → Bataille, Inner Experience, The Accursed Share, Erotism → Klossowski, Sade My Neighbor and Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle → Blanchot, The Space of Literature and The Writing of the Disaster. Foucault’s preface is the naming and the exit. Deleuze’s Coldness and Cruelty is the split. Venus in Furs and Nietzsche’s last books are sources. Artaud’s manifestos stand beside the spine, not on it.

How the messages relate

Sade says the limit is a convention and nature authorizes its breach. Nietzsche, read here and not as the descent reads him, removes the God who had been the limit of the limitless, and leaves force without a moral residue. Those two supplies do not yet make a branch. Bataille is the point at which they become one message: the limit must stay, so that crossing it can be sacred; expenditure refuses the project; eroticism goes toward death; the subject does not return intact. He corrects Sade. He uses Nietzsche. He refuses Sartre.

Masoch, meanwhile, has already staged the other economy, unnoticed by the French line: contract, coldness, suspense. Artaud, alongside both, attacks representation rather than the moral law, and calls the attack cruelty so that it will not be mistaken for Sade. Neither is a child of Bataille. Both are in the room when the branch later tries to see itself.

Klossowski takes Bataille’s instant and asks how it can be written. The phantasm is incommunicable; the simulacrum stages it; Sade becomes a neighbor and a theologian; Nietzsche’s return becomes a vicious circle of the body. He does not refute Bataille. He supplies the semiotics Bataille’s ecstasy lacked. Blanchot takes the same friendship and spends the sacred. Death cannot be died, the writer is lost in the work, the neuter replaces sovereignty. He is the station at which transgression ceases to be a peak and becomes an outside.

Foucault, in 1963, states the relation the others had lived: the language of sexuality and the death of God are the same event, and Sade spoke its first words. Then he leaves. Genealogy makes the sacred excess an apparatus. Deleuze, in 1967, states the relation the branch had blurred: Sade and Masoch do not communicate. The split is a correction, not a sequel. After these two, the branch has been named and divided. It does not grow another founder.

Influence, narrowly: Sade begets Bataille by correction. Nietzsche begets the empty sky, not the rule. Bataille begets Klossowski’s sign and Blanchot’s refusal of ecstasy, and begets Foucault’s preface. Masoch begets Deleuze’s distinction. Artaud begets no one on the spine; Deleuze and others will collect him later, for a different tree.

Continuity

Read in order, the branch is a single crossing that loses its climax.

Sade says nature authorizes the crime and the law should be abolished. Nietzsche says the God who underwrote the law is dead. Bataille says the law remains, precisely so it can be suspended; expenditure replaces utility; eroticism is life assenting up to death; the subject who returns is not the subject who went. Klossowski says that instant cannot be kept, only staged, and that the staging is the thought. Blanchot says the subject does not come back even as a witness, and writing is the disaster of that fact. Foucault names the operation—transgression after the death of God—and then files it under power. Deleuze turns around and shows that the other great erotic scene was never this crossing at all, but a contract, a coldness, and a joke on the law.

The continuity is the refusal to let the breach become a freedom, a virtue, or a project. From Sade’s apathy to Blanchot’s neuter, what is sought is the ruin of the useful person. The branch ends when that ruin is either historicized, as in Foucault, or split into two economies that cannot be one, as in Deleuze. Artaud stands beside the ending as a reminder that the body can be the limit broken, and that cruelty was never only Sade’s.

Deleuze

Two worlds, not a pair.

Irony and institution on one side.

Humor, contract, and suspense on the other.

Deleuze (1925–1995), the splitter

Message

Sade and Masoch are not two halves of a clinical monster. They constitute different worlds, and the entity “sadomasochism” is a confusion. Sade’s language demonstrates and negates; it is ironic toward the law, institutional, aimed upward at the father, repetitive unto apathy. Masoch’s language persuades and educates; it is humorous toward the law, contractual, cold, aimed at the mother, built on suspense and disavowal. Pain is not the common substance. In Sade pain is a consequence of the demonstration. In Masoch pain is the condition of a pleasure the contract has delayed. To read them as complements is to obey Freud’s pairing and miss both economies. The later work with Guattari will steal Artaud’s body without organs for another project. The book that belongs on this branch is the earlier one.

Content

Coldness and Cruelty (1967), published with a translation of Venus in Furs, is the station. Logic of Sense (1969) touches Klossowski’s simulacrum and is already the other Deleuze. Anti-Oedipus (1972) leaves the branch.

Presentation

A short, hard essay in front of someone else’s novel. Distinctions are tabulated. He writes as a clinician of forms, not as a celebrant of excess.

Method

Differential description. He asks what each writer does to the law, to the father and the mother, to repetition, to the contract, and refuses the synthesis that would make them one perversion. Literary form is the evidence.

Summary

The splitter. If the branch is the transgression of the law in Sade’s sense, Masoch is not in it, and Deleuze has shown why. If the branch is erotic economies that undo the useful self, Deleuze earns the side station that keeps the two from being mashed together.

What shaped him

People: Kant, Spinoza, Nietzsche, then Guattari; Masoch and Sade as the pair he is paid to separate. Place: Paris, Lyon. Formative pressure: a philosophical generation taught to find Hegel everywhere, which he spends his career avoiding. Cultural event: the psychoanalytic consolidation of “sadomasochism” as one entity, which the 1967 book is written to break.

Quotes

Sade and Masoch “constitute completely different worlds.” The differences “are not of complementarity.”

The pornologies “are non-communicating” and cannot be fused into one sadomasochism.

Sade describes in order to demonstrate. Masoch describes in order to persuade and educate.

Sade treats the law with irony. Masoch treats it with humor, and with a contract.

Masochism “has nothing to do with sadism.”

Foucault

The exit.

The sacred limit becomes an administered discourse.

Sexuality carried to its limits is not liberation.

Foucault (1926–1984), the exit

Message

In the preface to Bataille, the claim is still the branch’s own. We have not liberated sexuality. We have carried it to the limit: of consciousness, of the law, of language. A rigorous speech about sex does not reveal man’s natural secret. It says that he exists without God. That speech is contemporaneous with the announcement that God is dead. The death of God removes the limit of the limitless and returns us to an experience interior and sovereign, where profanation addresses an absence. Eroticism, as against mere sexuality, is the experience that binds the crossing of the limit to that death. Then the later work spends the claim. Sexuality is not the truth of the subject. It is a historical apparatus, produced by pastoral power, confession, and the sciences of sex. Transgression becomes a chapter in a genealogy. The exit is complete when the limit is no longer sacred but administered.

Content

“A Preface to Transgression” (1963) is the station. The History of Sexuality, volume I (1976), is the departure. The earlier books on madness, the clinic, and the prison are the method he will turn on the erotic once the preface is over. The late lectures on the care of the self are another country.

Presentation

The preface is an homage that is already an analysis, written for the issue of Critique after Bataille’s death. The genealogy is archival, cool, and plural. He stops sounding like the writer he is burying.

Method

In 1963, a reading of the limit as the condition of the crossing. After 1970, archaeology and genealogy: practices, not experiences. The subject is an effect of power-knowledge, not the being that risked itself in inner experience.

Summary

He names the branch once, exactly, and then historicizes it until the sacred excess is a discourse among others. Include him as the last name, already leaving.

What shaped him

People: Hyppolite, Canguilhem, Dumézil; Bataille as the dead contemporary the preface addresses. Place: Poitiers, the École Normale, Uppsala, Tunis, the Collège de France. Formative experiences: his own sexuality in a France that medicalized it; the Tunis riots of 1968, which turned him toward power as practice. Cultural events: the death of Bataille in 1962; the sexual-liberation rhetoric of the 1970s, which the first volume of the History is written against.

Quotes

“We have not in the least liberated sexuality, though we have, to be exact, carried it to its limits.”

A rigorous language of sexuality “will say that he exists without God.”

That speech is “contemporaneous, both in time and in structure, with that through which we announced to ourselves that God is dead.”

The death of God removes “the limit of the Limitless.”

Eroticism is “an experience of sexuality which links, for its own sake, the crossing of the limit to the death of God.”

Later, against his own preface: sex is not a secret. It is “an especially dense transfer point for relations of power.”

Blanchot

Death cannot be reported by the one who remains.

Literature is the space where the writer is lost.

The disaster leaves the room intact.

Blanchot (1907–2003)

Message

Death is the impossibility of dying. The one who would report the end is always still there, and literature is the space produced by that failure. The writer does not use language. Language uses him, and in the work he is lost. The neuter replaces the sovereign subject: neither I nor you, a third that is no person. Friendship is the relation that does not fuse and does not master—the relation he lived with Bataille, and the relation the work demands. The disaster is not an event in history. It is what has always already withdrawn the subject from its own experience. Transgression’s ecstasy does not return as knowledge. It returns as the interminable outside.

Content

Thomas the Obscure (1941) is the fiction of a death that cannot be accomplished. The Space of Literature (1955) and The Book to Come are the criticism that is already philosophy. The Infinite Conversation (1969) places the neuter. The Writing of the Disaster (1980) is the fragment-book in which the claim no longer has a form that could complete it. The political writings of the 1960s are the same outside, turned toward the street.

Presentation

Essay, récit, fragment. The sentence circles and withdraws. He refuses the manifesto’s climax and the treatise’s result. What can be finished is not what he is writing.

Method

A reading of literature as ontology. Hölderlin, Kafka, Rilke, and Mallarmé are not examples. They are the place the subject fails. Heidegger is a proximity he will not join: Being is not what withdraws in his pages; the outside is. Bataille is the friend whose experience he will not convert into a sovereignty.

Summary

The last core station. He keeps the ruin of the subject and spends Bataille’s sacred intensity. After him the branch no longer has a peak.

What shaped him

People: Bataille, above all, in a friendship both called essential; Levinas, early; later the anonymous politics of the review. Place: Quain, Paris, and a late withdrawal at Èze. Formative experiences: a journalistic career on the nationalist right in the 1930s, which he spends the rest of his life answering; the Occupation, and the récit as a form that can hold what a report would falsify. Cultural events: Heidegger’s arrival in France, which he reads against the grain; May 1968, which confirms the outside as a political fact of anonymity.

Quotes

“Death is the impossibility of dying.”

“The writer belongs to a language which no one speaks, which is addressed to no one, which has no center.”

“My speech is a warning that at this very moment death is loose in the world.”

The neuter: a relation “without relation,” neither fusion nor mastery.

“The disaster ruins everything, all the while leaving everything intact.”

Friendship is the relation in which the other remains other, including after death.

Klossowski

What undoes the subject returns as a sign.

Hospitality receives what will unmake the house.

Klossowski (1905–2001)

Message

The experience that undoes the subject cannot be possessed, so it returns as sign. The phantasm is the incommunicable constraint; the simulacrum is its staging, an imitation of what was never an original available to report. Sade is not a pornographer who lacked a philosophy. He is the neighbor: a theologian of bodies treated as signs of an impossible totality, the sodomitic scene as a refusal of the species’ useful future. Nietzsche’s eternal return is not a doctrine one affirms. It is a vicious circle of impulses, a tonality of the sick body, forgotten between seizures and recoverable only as stereotype and mask. Living currency: industrial society prices what this economy knows as the inexchangeable body. Hospitality is the reception of a sign one does not master.

Content

Sade My Neighbor (1947; revised later) is the reading that makes Sade a station rather than a scandal. Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle (1969) is the other summit. The Baphomet and the Laws of Hospitality trilogy are the fiction in which the thesis is lived. The drawings and the late sculptures are the same simulacrum in another material.

Presentation

Essay that behaves like a ritual text, and fiction that behaves like an essay. The sentence is ceremonious, latinate, slow. He does not rupture the page as Bataille does. He stages it.

Method

Physiognomy of thinkers, not a history of their ideas. He reads the impulse under the doctrine, then asks what sign could actualize an impulse that cannot be said. Theology, which he had practiced and left, remains the grammar: perversion is treated with the seriousness of a heresy.

Summary

Bataille has ecstasy. Klossowski has the theatre without which ecstasy cannot be written. He is developmental because transgression becomes simulacrum, not explosion.

What shaped him

People: Rilke, a tutor in his youth; his brother Balthus; Bataille and the Acéphale circle; a Dominican vocation he entered and left. Place: Paris, and a Swiss childhood on the edge of Rilke’s household. Formative experience: the abandoned seminary, which left him the liturgical sense of a sign that affects what it signifies. Cultural events: the war trilogy of his friends; the postwar art market, against which “living currency” is aimed; Nietzsche’s reception in France, which he refuses to leave as a literary humanism.

Quotes

The simulacrum is “the actualization of something in itself incommunicable”: the phantasm in its constraint.

Sade is “my neighbor,” not my specimen. The outrage is a theology of bodies.

The eternal return is a vicious circle, not a teaching. The body forgets; the sign repeats.

Industrial wealth prices the body. The body is the inexchangeable.

Hospitality is the law by which a host receives what will unmake the house.

Artaud

Cruelty as necessity, not sadism.

Theatre as the double of a plague.

Gesture where dialogue fails.

Artaud (1896–1948), adjacent

Message

The theatre that represents life is a dead theatre. Cruelty is not bloodshed as a spice. It is the rigor with which a spectacle must break the spectator’s organism, as the plague breaks a city, so that a metaphysics the word no longer carries can re-enter through the body. Language as written dialogue is the enemy. Gesture, breath, cry, and hieroglyph are the means. Late, the body itself is the battlefield: to have done with the judgment of God is to refuse the organism that God, medicine, and grammar have built.

Content

The Theatre and Its Double (1938) holds the two manifestos and “The Theatre and the Plague.” The letters from Rodez and To Have Done with the Judgment of God (1947, recorded, then banned by French radio) are the late form. The early correspondence with Jacques Rivière is the first statement that he cannot make his thought arrive in the poem.

Presentation

Manifesto, letter, scream. He writes as a man whose thought is interrupted by the body, and he makes the interruption the style. There is no system to extract without loss. The radio piece is the presentation: a voice that will not be broadcast.

Method

There is a method of attack, not of argument. He doubles theatre with plague, alchemy, and metaphysics, then subtracts plot. Cruelty means necessity, lucidity, appetite for life, not sadism. That distinction is why he is adjacent to this branch and not a son of Sade.

Summary

The limit to be broken is representation itself, and the organ of the break is the body. He does not found transgression as a theory of the taboo. He founds a cruelty that later writers, Deleuze among them, will steal for other purposes.

What shaped him

People: Dullin, Lugné-Poe, the Surrealists, then the break with Breton; Rivière as the editor who refused the poems and kept the letters. Place: Marseille, Paris, the trip to the Tarahumara, then Rodez and Ivry. Formative experiences: lifelong pain and the electroshocks at Rodez; the failure of the Alfred Jarry Theatre; the peyote rites, which he read as a theatre Europe had lost. Cultural events: cinema and the talking picture, which he distrusted; the Occupation and the asylum as the state’s answer to a body it could not use.

Quotes

“I have need of angels. Enough hell has swallowed me for too many years. But I use them at last in the management of my own affairs.”

Theatre must be “bloody and inhuman,” a double of the plague, not a copy of the drawing room.

Cruelty is “appetite for life, a cosmic rigor, an implacable necessity.”

“All writing is garbage.” The body has to finish what the sentence betrays.

“To have done with the judgment of God.”

Bataille

The limit stays.

Expenditure against utility.

Sovereignty is the instant that serves no end.

Bataille (1897–1962)

Message

Transgression does not abolish the limit. It suspends the taboo without suppressing it, and so confirms the sacred it crosses. Eroticism is the assent to life up to the point of death: discontinuous beings aching for a continuity they can touch only by risking the boundary that makes them persons. Against the restricted economy of work, project, and usefulness, a general economy overflows; the accursed share must be spent in festival, sacrifice, luxury, or war. Sovereignty is not mastery. It is the instant that serves no end. Inner experience is a mystic path whose summit is non-knowledge. God is the name of an absence the expenditure addresses. Sartre’s project is servile, a usefulness smuggled back into freedom.

Content

Story of the Eye (1928) is the fictional laboratory. Inner Experience (1943), Guilty, and On Nietzsche are the war trilogy of non-knowledge. The Accursed Share (1949) is the economics. Erotism (1957) is the summa of taboo and transgression. The reviews (Documents, Acéphale, Critique) are the public form of a thought that also needed a secret society.

Presentation

Two speeds. The summas proceed by distinction and example, almost pedagogical. The war books proceed by rupture, fragment, and a first person that does not survive its own claim. He refuses the treatise where the treatise would be a project.

Method

A collage that he then subjects to one rule. Durkheim and Mauss give him the sacred and the gift. Kojève’s Hegel gives him the end of history, which he answers with laughter and useless expenditure. Sade gives him the outrage, which he corrects: the limit must remain. The mystics give him the path, which he runs with no God at the end. Freud’s death drive is used and not obeyed.

Summary

He is the founder. Sade wanted the limit gone. Bataille’s message is that the limit is the condition of the crossing, and that the subject who crosses does not return as a worker, a citizen, or a project.

What shaped him

People: his blind, syphilitic father, whose deathbed is the scene he never finishes; Laure; Colette Peignot; Leiris, Caillois, Klossowski; Kojève’s seminar. Place: Billom, Paris, the cave paintings he helped show at Lascaux’s moment. Formative experiences: a lost vocation for the priesthood; psychoanalysis; the Acéphale group, a headless conspiracy that failed to become an act. Cultural events: Surrealism, which he breaks with Breton over the base and the unclean; the Popular Front and the threat of fascism, which drive the Collège de Sociologie; the Occupation, during which inner experience is written because action has become either servile or empty.

Quotes

“Eroticism is the assenting to life up to the point of death.”

Transgression “opens the door into what lies beyond the limits usually observed, but it maintains these limits just the same.”

“I think as a girl takes off her dress.”

The accursed share is the excess that must be spent, without profit, or it spends us.

Sovereignty is “to enjoy the present time without having anything else in view.”

Inner experience is “the opposite of action,” and it reaches “non-knowledge.”